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Samedi 25 février 2006

Over the past decade, sponsorship has been the fastest growing form of marketing, with over $6.8 billion spent on sponsorship in 1998 (International Events Group, 1998). Sponsorship has been defined as (Pope, 1998):

 

The provision of resources (e.g., money, people, equipment) by an organization (the sponsor) directly to an individual, authority or body (the sponsee), to enable the latter to pursue some activity in return for benefits contemplated in terms of the sponsor's promotion strategy, and which can be expressed in terms of corporate, marketing, or media objectives.

 

Three categories of sponsorship objectives have been identified by Sandler and Shani (1993), including: 1) broad corporate objectives (image based), 2) marketing objectives (brand promotion, sales increase), and 3) media objectives (cost effectiveness, reaching target markets). The ability to specifically target markets is also an important function of sponsorship (Jensen, 1994).

 

The benefits of sponsorship most often cited are awareness and image building of the brand, product, and company (Cornwell, 1995). Among other benefits are that sponsorship can improve the impact and memorability of the marketing message, enhance the relevance of the brand to the target market, generate the desire to purchase the brand to "reward" the sponsor and heighten the loyalty of those working for and with the company (Kate, 1995).

Sponsorships allow companies to distinguish themselves from the vast field of competitors prevalent in other forms of advertising (Oneal, Finch, Hamilton & Hammonds, 1987). Advertisers also find they can get more "bang for their buck" by sponsoring an event itself rather than paying for 30 seconds of ad time during the event.

The extent to which sponsorship imparts a feeling of goodwill toward the company depends in part on the nature of the event. According to a survey by John Hancock Financial Services, local events made the respondents think more favorably of the sponsors than national events. Sports events are considered most appealing, with cultural events far behind (Kate, 1995).

Sponsorship has a long-term effect, based on accumulated biases over time. The residual effect of sponsorship may last for many years, instilling a predisposition in people to buy the product (Kate, 1995). The benefits of advertising or displaying signage at sporting events accrue as the brand becomes associated with a sport, and the association in people's minds often continues even after the sponsorship ends. Multiple advertising and signage locations at a particular event (three or four) are optimal for higher recall and recognition of sponsors, particularly for televised sport stadium situations (Pope & Voges, 1997).

The success of sponsorship programs may be difficult to fully assess. They are often evaluated by measuring impact in three ways (IEG, 1998):
1) Measuring awareness or attitude changes
2) Quantifying the effects in terms of sales results; and
3) Comparing the value of sponsorship-generated media coverage to the cost of equivalent advertising space or time.

Awareness or attitude changes are usually assessed using surveys, but changes in the image of a product or brand are not always quantifiable. The sales impact can be more readily tracked through sponsorship-specific promotions, such as coupons and special offers tied directly to an event. The amount of media exposure and equivalent cost of advertising is also fairly easy to measure (Kate, 1995).

 

par Jefferson Lebourg publié dans : Marketing and business
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Dimanche 20 novembre 2005

 

Social rules and behaviour

 

 

 

Indirectness - The British, in particular the English, are renowned for their politeness and courtesy. This is a key element of British culture and is a fundamental aspect of British communication style. When doing business in the you generally find that direct questions often receive evasive responses and conversations may be ambiguous and full of subtleties. Consequently, it is important to pay attention to tone of voice and facial expression, as this may be an indication of what is really meant

 

'Stiff upper lip' - This is a term often used to describe the traditionally British portrayal of reserve and restraint when faced with difficult situations. In British culture open displays of emotion, positive or negative are rare and should be avoided. During meetings, this means your British colleagues will approach business with an air of formality and detachment.

 

Humour - A vital element in all aspects of British life and culture is the renowned British sense of humour. The importance of humour in all situations, including business contexts, cannot be overestimated. Humour is frequently used as a defence mechanism, often in the form of self-depreciation or irony. It can be highly implicit and in this sense is related to the British indirect communication style.

 

The is renowned for its colourful history and strong sense of tradition that has been shaped by a colonial empire, both civil and European wars and an constitutional monarchy. The fourth largest trading nation, the is fast becoming Europe 's leading business centre. Supported by a long-established system of government and economic stability, the is an attractive base for overseas business, offering skills in areas such as research, development and technology. However, in order to operate successfully in the business environment, there are a number of important issues to take into consideration both before and during your time there.

 

 

 

Business practices

 

 

Titles, including honorary or hereditary titles and last names are used in formal situations or to show respect. Young people and friends are called by their first name. A handshake is the most common form of greeting for both men and women. When people are already acquainted, verbal greetings are used instead.

 

Good manners are very important to the English. They often find Americans to be too casual, particularly with the English language. Doors are held open for women. The English are reserved people and as a rule disapprove of loud or demonstrative behaviour (except in very informal situations). While the English find Americans "friendly," they do take offence at early familiarity. Personal space is important and people can feel uncomfortable if someone stands too close to them. Touching is generally avoided.

An important aspect of British society is the class system, which, unlike in , is not strictly limited to wealth or education. It is generally not discussed, but is carefully observed and affects daily life.

The terms "British" and "English" should not be used interchangeably. The includes , , and . is comprised of the , and only. Thus, "British" refers to the citizens of and "English" refers to natives of .

 

Punctuality and courtesy are the most important aspects of British business etiquette. They tend to be punctual, and meetings generally follow the Anglo-Saxon norm, with brief chit-chat swiftly followed by a focused, action-oriented discussion. Prompt acknowledgment of the receipt of a letter is expected. British executives are more likely to use letters and fax than the telephone for business communications.

 

In business meetings, small talk or icebreakers are not necessary. The meeting can proceed quickly from introductions to the business at hand. Exchanging gifts is not common in business situations

 

The strongest relationships are forged after work—be that in a pub or at an informal evening meal. The line between work and private life is not as clearly delineated as in , and the British tend to socialise with colleagues quite regularly. Drunken behaviour on a Friday evening will be laughed off the following Monday, and in some cases is quite the norm.

 

par Jefferson Lebourg publié dans : Marketing and business
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Lundi 5 septembre 2005

Marketing

 

 

The aim of this topic is to set a price for a product that as no real competition today. The product can be a new-technology product, a product manufactured with a specific know-how.

  

 

 

In order to be efficient we have to look at many factors. In a first part we will analyse how does it cost to introduce a such product in the market. Then we will focus on the marketing strategy. After that, we will examine what kind of packaging we can apply. Before established a price strategy we will probe the futur potrential competition with the potentials earned royalties.

 

 

 

 

 

I.                  Cost

 

 

The cost of the launch of a such product should be arguably pretty high for many reasons. Firstly because the company has to start from a white page. To develop the product the company as to build some costly prototype.

 

 

 

Furthermore, we can’t expect to have big production on the early month of the launching. In effect, only few consumers, called “innovators”, will buy the product at the beginnig. As we know, the less than we produce the more the variable fixed cost are hight. So at the start, if the sales and so the production won’t take-off, the production cost will remained at the top.

 

 

 

As well, some label and patent can be required to launch the product in safe and free condidtions. This certificates are usually expensive and will be reflected on the final price.

 

 

 

We can only manage to compensate the above average cost of production with a relative high price.

 

 

 

 

         II.               Marketing strategy

 

 

As it is a uncompeted new product, we can say that the product is penetrating a new market. The product should be in a potentialy hefty market growth. Without any competitors we can’t establish a SWOT analysis.

 

 

 

However, we have to be focus on the potential market growth. The more the maket is small, the more the price will be high.

 

 

 

We have to keep in mind that a new product, without competitors, convey a high value image. So we need to apply a good margin to the product, and so a high price to obtain a high product quality perception.

 

 

 

 

 

III.           Packaging

 

 

As the product is new, it is obviously unknown. So if we need to apply an  aggressive promotion strategy with packaging wich will be able to communicate the novelty.

 

 

 

 

 

IV.           Competition

If we have take the safety to certificate our products with a patent we are exempt of competition during five years. However, it is possible to see the apparition of another technology able to compete our product.

 

 

 

So we have to be warn not to put a thoughtless price. In effect, a such price can create an opportunity for a manufacturer to develop his own technology in order to penetrate our market and compete our technology.

 

 

 

 

V.              Price setting

 

The price is mainly based on a value pricing startegy. That is to say that the price should be teh nearest as the customer’s percived the product value. So we have to estimate in figure and to translate it in price the advantages that our product will benefit to the customer.

  

 

 

To summarize, we will apply a high price, due to the cost production and in accordance with a high quality consumer perception. However, a thoughtful price will be directly tied with the consumer value perception and the benefit that he can make with.

 

 

par Jefferson Lebourg publié dans : Marketing and business
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Lundi 5 septembre 2005

I-                  Définition

 

I.1         Son identité, sa mission

  

 

·        Son identité  

            L’agent commercial est un mandataire qui met en relation un fournisseur (A) et le client final (C). Il est mandataire civil, agissant « au nom et pour le compte du mandant ». Il n’a donc pas les mêmes obligations qu’un commerçant. C’est un travailleur indépendant non salarié.

 

 

 

 

 

 

          Rémunère                    Négocie et conclue eventuellement

 Fournisseur              Agent                                                   Client    

 Livre et facture au client (contrat de vente) 

 

 

 

 

·        Sa mission  

L’agent commercial doit analyser :

  

 

 

 

-         Ses savoir-faire en ce qui concerne l’adaptation des produits, des systèmes ou des services à la demande de sa clientèle

-         Ses connaissances du marché (règlements, codes de conduite, circuits de décision pou mettre au point des bases de facturation des prix)

-         La composition de son portefeuille de produits : équilibrer les produits en fonction de leur cycle de vie.

-         Les coûts de fonctionnement et le seuil de rentabilité de son agence

 

 

 

 

I.2         Profil de l’agent

 

            Le profil idéal de l’agent commercial est déterminé par l’étude marketing du fournisseur.

 

 

 

 

I.2.1        Profil technique

 

Il est évident que le fournisseur recherche un agent commercial au profil adapté à ses produits. L’agent doit posséder les compétences techniques nécessaires à la mise en place d’un système de service après vente. Cette compétence technique doit être un atout pour le commercial et lui permet d’offrir une capacité de vente et une compétence de conseille sur une large gamme de produit concurrent.

 

 

 

 

I.2.2        Profil commercial 

 

Après avoir déterminé les critères relatifs aux produits, c’est vers le marché, la clientèle que le fournisseur se focalise ensuite.

 

 

 

 

En effet l’agent peut se voir représenter des produits complémentaires ou non à une même clientèle. L’étude marketing menée par le fabricant permet de déterminer si les parts de marché du produit qu’il propose sont en accord avec d’autre produits non complémentaires représentés par l’agent.

 

 

 

 

La répartition géographique est également un critère de sélection de l’agent. Un fournisseur qui ne s’adresse qu’à une clientèle concentrée dans une région peut tout à fait choisir un agent commercial précisément implanté dans cette région. A l’opposé un fournisseur qui possède une clientèle plus vaste se tournera vers un représentant possédant de nombreuses implantations afin de couvrir une majeure partie de son marché.

 

 

 

 

I.2.3        Profil financier

 

Le dernier profil recherché est déterminé par la taille de son entreprise et sa capacité financière.

 

 La commercialisation de produit de grande consommation nécessite des stocks importants et implique donc une trésorerie solide et un capital important. Cette capacité est également un atout vis-à-vis des banques et se traduit par un bénéfice sur les délais de payement.

 

 

 

 

Toutefois pour des affaires  importantes ou exceptionnelles le fournisseur peut conserver la faculté de vendre directement à son client si la capacité financière de l’agent est jugée trop faible.

 

 

 

 

I.3         Comment être un bon agent

 

Les 10 clefs qui permettent au vendeur de maximiser ses performances

 

 

-         Gérer sa clientèle : Diagnostiquer son secteur de vente et analyser sa clientèle

 

 

 

 

 

        -         Prévoir les ventes : Etudier les statistiques de vente par client et par produit et établir une liste de clients par chiffre d’affaires décroissant.

 

 

 

 

-         Suivre les directives de la politique commerciale : Suivre la norme des actions à conduire et organiser les tactiques de l’action (stratégie commerciale)

 

 

 

 

-         Définir ses objectifs 

 

-         Maîtriser ses moyens d’organisation : Préparer les éléments nécessaires pour la vente (check-list)

-         Maîtriser l’information : Utiliser l’informatique commerciale pour un control décisif de l’information

 

 

 

 

-         Maîtriser l’entretien de vente : Préparer l’entretien de vente (questions, etc.)

 

 

 

 

-         Gérer son temps : Planifier son emploi du temps (activité, missions, constats)

 

 

 

 

-         Organiser rationnellement ses circuits de visites de la clientèle : Minimiser les coûts de visites en réalisant les circuits de visites

  

 

 

 

-         S’insérer correctement dans les opérations commerciales : Maîtriser ses performances en diagnostiquant l’efficacité commerciale du secteur de vente

 

 

 

 

II          Avantages

 

  1. Pour une entreprise qui débute, l’agent commercial limite les charges fixes et abaisse le seuil de rentabilité :

·        Pas de charges salariales

·        Pas de frais administratifs

·        Pas de coût lies aux déplacements des vendeurs salariés

 

 

 

  1. Avantage stratégique de la rapidité d’action  

Ø      Vendeur salarie connaît le produit, le service, le système, mais a du mal a connaître les finesse d’un réseau de distribution ainsi que d’expliciter les avantages que le produit peut apporter au client

 

 

 

Ø      Agent commercial a une connaissance du marche efficace et une conviction de vendre débordante.

 

 

 

  1. L’agent commercial assure la fluidité du marché grâce à ses connaissances d’entreprises excédentaires et déficitaires.

     

L’AGENT COMMERCIAL EST EN PREMIERE LIGNE DE L’ACTIVITE ECONOMIQUE

 

 

 

  1. Il possède une connaissance parfaite des besoins des clients et des variations de la demande

     

  1. Il possède une perception des facilitations de la distribution

     

  1. Il peut être aussi compétent techniquement qu’un vendeur salarié

     

  1. Il peut simplifier le travail des vendeurs salaries en répercutant ses connaissance des besoins des clients - Evolution : « agent filtre » vers « agent relais »

     

  1. La formation de l’agent est un volet essentiel de l’animation du réseau de vente externe d’une entreprise

     

10.   L’agent commercial ne coûte ce qu’il vaut : « rémunération en fonction de ses ventes » alors qu’un vendeur salarié peut coûter de l’argent sans obligatoirement vendre

 

 

 

III       Inconvénients

 

            L’agent commercial a une moins bonne connaissance du produit qu’un vendeur salarié (même si ce n’est pas systématique)

  

 

 

            Le passage par un agent alourdit la circulation de l’information. Ex : A une question précise, un vendeur salarié répondrait plus immédiatement qu’un agent. En effet, L’agent est souvent un filtre supplémentaire entre le fournisseur et le client

  

 

 

            L’image d’un intermédiaire n’est pas toujours justifiée. Ca peut devenir coûteux et inutile.

  

 

 

            L’efficacité ne repose que sur l’agent commercial lui-même. Il y a des difficultés pour bien connaître ses méthodes de travail, son organisation. Difficultés à interagir avec lui.

 

 

 

Obligation de le motiver à interagir avec le mandant

 

 

 

Nécessité d’adaptation de l’agent en cas de changement dans l’entreprise (restructuration, nouvelle gamme de produits) besoin de souplesse.

par Jefferson Lebourg publié dans : Marketing and business
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